As expected, overall suggest urinary citrate was elevated in the mice fed K-cit (K-cit, 182±step 3

4 mg/d versus KCl, 110±2.7 mg/d; P<0.001) ( Table 1 ). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary pH (K-cit, 7.51±0.04 versus KCl, 6.71±0.05; P<0.001). K-cit reduced mean overall urinary NH₄ (K-cit, 0.25±0.01 mmol/d versus KCl, 0.41±0.01 mmol/d; P<0.001). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary sulfate (K-cit, 1.08±0.02 mEq/d versus KCl, 0.86±0.02 mEq/d; P<0.001). Each of these changes was present at each time point. Overall mean urinary uric acid excretion did not differ (K-cit, 1.6±0.1 mg/d versus KCl, 2.0±0.2 mg/d; P=NS).

Dining table 1.

Urinary citrate, pH and sulfate were increased while NH₄, chloride, sodium and K were the same or decreased with K-cit compared to KCl

Opinions is shown because imply±SEM. Pee try collected having twenty-four hours in the six, twelve, and you may 18 wk to decide solute levels while the discussed throughout the To the stage Steps.

K-cit resulted in a slightly lower overall mean urinary sodium (K-cit, 2.16±0.03 mmol/d versus KCl, 2.36±0.04; P<0.001), which was significant at 6 and 18 weeks but not at 12 weeks ( Table 1 ). K-cit resulted in a slightly but significantly lower mean overall urinary K (K-cit, 4.8±0.04 mmol/d versus KCl, 5.3±0.08 mmol/d; P<0.001) that was significant at each time period. As expected, the rats receiving K-cit excreted less chloride than the rats receiving KCl (K-cit, 2.2±0.07 mEq/d versus KCl, 6.4±0.15 mEq/d; P<0.001), which was significant at each 6-week time period. K-cit did not alter the overall mean urine volume (K-cit, 47.3±1.6 ml/d versus KCl, 53.0±2.7 ml/d; P=NS) or the overall mean urinary creatinine (K-cit, ±0.17 mg/d versus KCl, ±0.22 mg/d; P=NS).

Pee Supersaturation

K-cit led to a significant increase in the urinary supersaturation with respect to both CaP (K-cit, 8.5±0.6 versus KCl, 4.9±0.2; P<0.001) and CaOx (K-cit, 9.8±0.5 versus KCl, 5.5±0.2; P<0.001) and a reduction of supersaturation with respect to uric acid (K-cit, 0.003±0.0005 versus KCl, 0.022±0.003; P<0.001) ( Figure 2 ). Each of these differences was significant at each time period.

Urinary supersaturation (SS) of CaP and CaOx were increased and uric acid SS was decreased with K-cit. Urine was collected for 24 hours at 6, 12, and 18 weeks to determine solute levels that were used to calculate relative supersaturation as described in the Concise Methods. Values for relative supersaturation are mean±SEM and are unitless. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.

Serum Membership

Serum levels of calcium supplements and you can PTH failed to disagree anywhere between K-cit–provided and you may KCl-fed rats, whenever you are serum phosphate membership have been ;fed mice ( Profile 3 ).

K-cit decreased serum phosphate levels but did not change serum Ca or PTH. At the conclusion of the 18-week study, these levels were determined as described in the Concise Methods. Values are mean±SEM. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.

Stone Formation

K-cit didn’t alter the level of rocks shaped or the quantity out-of calcification regarding the kidneys ( Figure 4 ). The rats designed rocks regarding equivalent size and you may thickness together with comparable degrees of calcification in kidney and you will collecting program.

Kidney brick creation and you will calcification was not some other for the rats fed KCl or K-cit. After brand new 18-times studies, the brand new the quantity out-of kidney stones and you may calcification is actually determined by around three observers as the explained throughout the Concise Methods. Extent out-of renal calcification was also calculated since described about To the stage Strategies. (A) Associate radiographs of kidneys of mice receiving KCl otherwise K-cit. Calcification results on www.datingranking.net/es/citas-bhm images shown are provided given that a research. (B) Quantitation of stone development and calcification in every rats choosing KCl otherwise K-cit. Philosophy try indicate±SEM.

Obvious rocks have been dissected of representative kidneys away from both organizations and you will assessed to possess crystal morphology. The diffraction patterns for all examined examples were congruent for the diffraction development off biologic apatite, a cap brick ( Profile 5 , top). With entry to transmission electron microscopy (TEM), most of the kidney brick deposits got a rod- otherwise needle-such as profile, similar to the morphology from biologic apatite crystals ( Profile 5 , bottom) and you will in lieu of the newest octahedral amazingly morphology out of CaOx.